Mobility and Hospital Outcomes

• Olson J, Mo KC, Schmerler J, Harris AB, Lee JS, Skolasky RL, Kebaish KM, Neuman BJ. AM-PAC Mobility Score <13 Predicts Development of Ileus Following Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery. Clinical Spine Surgery 37(8):p E348-E353, October 2024, doi: 10.1097/BSD.0000000000001599
• Hoyer EH, Bhave A, Xue W, Haut ER, Lau BD, Kraus P, Turnbull AE, Shaffer D, Friedman LA, Young DL, Brotman DJ, Streiff MB. Inaccuracy of Initial Clinical Mobility Assessment in Venous Thromboembolism Risk Stratification. The American Journal of Medicine, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.04.003.
• Young DL, Hannum SM, Engels R, Colantuoni E, Friedman LA, Hoyer EH. Dynamic Prediction of Post-Acute Care Needs for Hospitalized Medicine Patients. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2024.01.008.
• Lavezza A, Hoyer E, Aronson Friedman L, Daley K, Steele A, Rosen S, Young DL. Activities of Daily Living Assessment Early in Hospitalization Is Associated With Key Outcomes. Am J Occup Ther. September/October 2023, Vol. 77(5), 7705205100. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2023.050167
• Capo-Lugo CE, McLaughlin KH, Ye B, Daley K, Young DL, Lavezza A, Friedman M, Hoyer EH. Using nursing assessments of mobility and activity to prioritize patients most likely to need rehabilitation services. Science Direct. 2023 April. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.03.018.
• Capo-Lugo CE, Young DL, Farley H, et al. Revealing the tension: The relationship between high fall risk categorization and low patient mobility. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023;1‐11. doi:10.1111/jgs.18221

• McLaughlin KH, Friedman M, Hoyer EH, Kudchadkar S, Flanagan E, Klein L, Daley K, Lavezza A, Schechter N, Young DL;; JH-AMP Group;; The Johns Hopkins Activity and Mobility Promotion Program: A Framework to Increase Activity and Mobility Among Hospitalized Patients. Journal of Nursing Care Quality: December 03, 2022 - Volume - Issue - 10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000678 doi: 10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000678

• Capo-Lugo CE, Shumock K, Young DL, Klein L, Cassell A, Cvach M, Lavezza A, Friedman M, Bhatia E, Brotman DJ, Hoyer EH. Association between ambulatory status and call bell use in hospitalized patients-A retrospective cohort study. J Nurs Manag. 2019, Oct 12. DOI: 10.1111/jonm.12888. PMID: 31605647
• Hoyer EH, Needham DM, Atanelov L, Knox B, Friedman M, Brotman DJ. Association of Impaired Functional Status at Hospital Discharge and Subsequent Rehospitalization. Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2014. May;9(5):277-82. PMID: 24616216
• Hoyer EH, Needham DM, Miller J, Deutschendorf A, Friedman M, Brotman DJ. Functional Status Impairment is Associated with Unplanned Readmissions. Archives of PM&R. 2013. Oct;94(10):1951-8. PMID: 23810355

Systematic Functional Assessment

• Casamento-Moran A, Sorin P, Santillan S, Ramirez F, Iriarte Juan P, Corrotea L, Friedman M, Pozzo MM, Young DL. Spanish Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Evaluation of the Inpatient Mobility Measurement Tools. Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy. 2025;16(2). doi: 10.1097/JAT.0000000000000254
• Langton-Frost N, Lavezza A, Wilkin S, Moscirella M, Zaghlula N, Reider L, Turnbull A, Young DL, Friedman M, Hoyer EH. A Novel Approach of Enhanced, Multi-Disciplinary Rehabilitation Services in the Hospital to Facilitate Home Discharge – The Rehab2Home program, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2024, ISSN 0003-9993, doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2024.10.020.
• Stenum J, McLaughlin K, Collector I, Funk K, Vincent L, Young DL, Hendrich A, Hoyer EH. (2024). Exploring the relationship between AM-PAC scores and mobility components in falls and pressure injury risk assessment tools: A pathway to improve nursing clinical efficiency. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2024. 00, 1–6. doi: 10.1111/jocn.17098
• McLaughlin KH, Young DL, Colantuoni E, Funk K, Stone AM, Ballreich J, Hoyer E. Impaired hospitalized patient mobility is associated with nurse injuries. Occupational Medicine, 2023. kqad135, doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqad135
• Hoyer E, Young DL, Ke V, Zhang JY, Colantuoni E, Farley H, Dahbura A, Ghobadi K. Association of Longitudinal Mobility Levels in the Hospital and Injurious Inpatient Falls. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation ():10.1097/PHM.0000000000002355, October 26, 2023. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000002355
• Casey K, Sim E, Lavezza A, Iannuzzi K, Friedman LA, Hoyer EH, Young DL. Identifying Cognitive Impairment in the Acute Care Hospital Setting: Finding an Appropriate Screening Tool. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2023, Vol. 77(1). doi: 10.5014/ajot.2023.050028.
• Hiser S,  Urbanek J, Young DL, McLaughlin KH, Colantuoni E, Brotman DJ, Needham DM, Hoyer E. Improving patient selection for use of consumer grade physical activity monitors in the hospital. Science Direct. 2022 Sep. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2022.100447.
• Denlinger K, Young DL, Beier M, Friedman M, Quinn J, Hoyer EH, Kudchadkar SR. Psychometric Testing of the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC) in the Pediatric Acute Care Setting. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2021 Jul 1;33(3):149-154. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000807. PMID: 34086622.
• Hiser S, Chung, C, Toonstra A, Friedman LA, Colantuoni E, Hoyer E, Needham D. Inter-rater Reliability of the Johns Hopkins Highest Level of Mobility Scale (JH-HLM) in the Intensive Care Unit. Braz J Phys Ther. 2021 May-Jun;25(3):352-355. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.07.010. Epub 2020 Aug 8. PMID: 32811787.
• Hiser S, Toonstra A, Friedman LA, Colantuoni E, Needham DM. Inter-rater reliability of AM-PAC “6-Clicks” Inpatient Mobility Short Form in the Intensive Care Unit. Physiotherapy Research International. 2020; May 24:e1849. doi: 10.1002/pri.1849.
• Young DL, Kumble S, Capo-Lugo CE, Littier H, Lavezza A, Hoyer EH, Friedman M, Needham DM, Rogers D, Martin SC, Minnier T, Matcho BA, Euloth T, Ni P, Jette A. Measuring Mobility in Low Functioning Hospital Patients: An AM-PAC Replenishment Project. Archives of PM&R. 2020, Mar 12. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.01.020
• Hiser S, Toonstra A, Friedman LA, Colantuoni E, Connolly B, Needham DM. Interrater Reliability of the Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit. J Acute Care Phys Ther. 2018 Oct.;9(4):186–192. doi: 10.1097/JAT.0000000000000086
• Hoyer EH, Young DL, Klein LM, Kreif J, Shumock K, Hiser S, Friedman M, Lavezza A, Jette A, Chan KS, Needham DM. Toward a Common Language for Measuring Patient Mobility in the Hospital: Reliability and Construct Validity of interprofessional Mobility Measures. Phys Ther. 2017 Nov 2. PMID: 29106679
• Jeong IC, Bychkov D, Hiser S, Kreif JD, Klein LM, Hoyer EH, Searson PC. Using a Real-Time Location System for Assessment of Patient Ambulation in a Hospital Setting. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017, Jul;98(7):1366-1373.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.02.006. PMID: 28286202

Barriers to Hospital Mobility

• Parker AM, Akhlaghi N, Malik A, Friedman LA, Mantheiy E, Kelsey A, Glover M, Dong S, Lavezza A, Seltzer J, Needham, DM. Perceived barriers to early goal-directed mobility in the intensive care unit: Results of a quality improvement evaluation. Australian Critical Care. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.aucc.2021.05.002. PMID: 34154913
• Goodson CM, Friedman LA, Mantheiy E, Heckle K, Lavezza A, Toonstra A, Parker AM, Seltzer J, Velaetis M, Glover M, Outten C, Schwartz K, Jones A, Coggins S, Hoyer EH, Chan KS, Needham DM. Perceived Barriers to Mobility in a Medical ICU: The Patient Mobilization Attitudes & Beliefs Survey for the ICU. J Intensive Care Med. 2018 Oct 18:885066618807120. doi: 10.1177/0885066618807120. PMID: 30336716
• Young DL, Seltzer J, Glover M, Outten C, Lavezza A, Mantheiy E, Parker AM, Needham DM. Identifying Barriers to Nurse-facilitated Patient Mobility in the Intensive Care Unit. American Journal of Critical Care. 2018;27(3):186–193.
• Hoyer EH, Brotman DJ, Chan KS, Needham DM. Barriers to early mobility of hospitalized general medicine patients: Survey development and results. American Journal of PM&R. 2014, Aug 15. PMID: 25133615

Feasibility of Mobility

• Gore S, Mattie K, Schworm K, Murphy S, Googins C, Caruso L, Slavin M, Young DL. Implementing an Activity and Mobility Promotion Approach to Improve Patient Mobility. AJN, American Journal of Nursing 125(3):p 48-55, March 2025. doi: 10.1097/AJN.0000000000000039
• Pottenger BC, Pronovost PJ, Kreif J, Klein L, Hobson D, Young DL, Hoyer EH. Towards improving hospital workflows: An evaluation of resources to mobilize patients. J Nurs Manag. 2018 Aug 16. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12644. PMID: 30117210

Mobility Goals

• Hoyer EH, Friedman M, Lavezza A, Flanagan E, Kumble S, D'Alessandro M, Gutierrez M, Colantuoni E, Brotman DJ, Young DL. A unit-based, multi-center evaluation of adopting mobility measures and daily mobility goals in the hospital setting, Applied Nursing Research, Volume 70, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151655.
• McLaughlin K, Young DL, Friedman L, Peters J, Vickery G, EH Hoyer. An Interprofessional Examination of the Johns Hopkins Mobility Goal Calculator among Hospitalized Post-Surgical Patients. Nursing and Health Sciences. 2022. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12972 PMID: 35780301
• Klein LM, Young DL, Feng D, Lavezza A, Hiser S, Daley KN, Hoyer EH. Increasing patient mobility through an individualized goal-centered hospital mobility program: A quasi-experimental quality improvement project. Nurs Outlook. 2018 Feb 27. pii: S0029-6554(17)30492-X. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2018.02.006. PMID: 29705382

Targeting Rehabilitation Resources

• Sim E, Casey K, Lavezza A, Hoyer E, Moscirella M, Rosenbaum N, Friedman M, Young DL. (2024). Standardizing Identification of Cognitive Impairment in the Acute Hospital Setting: Toward a Common Language. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 78. 10.5014/ajot.2024.050679. 
• Probasco JC, Friedman M, Hoyer E. Case Study: Johns Hopkins Medicine. Choosing Wisely. 2020 Oct. 29.
• Probasco JC, Lavezza A, Cassell A, Shakes T, Feurer A, Russell H, Sporney H, Burnet M, Maritim C, Urrutia V, Puttgen A, Friedman M, Hoyer E. Choosing Wisely Together: Physical and Occupational Therapy Consultation for Acute Neurology Inpatients. The Neurohospitalist. 2017.

Function and Discharge Placement

• Young DL, Engels R, Colantuoni E, Friedman LA, Hoyer EH. Machine learning prediction of hospital patient need for post-acute care using an admission mobility measure is robust across patient diagnoses. Science Direct. 2023 April 25. doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100754
• Young DL, Fritz JM, Kean J, Thackeray A, Johnson JK, Dummer D, Passek S, Stilphen M, Beck D, Havrilla S, Hoyer EH, Friedman M, Daley K, Marcus RL. Key Data Elements for Longitudinal Tracking of Physical Function: A Modified Delphi Consensus Study. Phys Ther. 2022 Jan 5:pzab279. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzab279. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35079819.
• Young DL, Colantuoni E, Friedman LA, Seltzer J, Daley K, Ye B, Brotman DJ, Hoyer EH. Prediction of Disposition within 48-hours of Hospital Admission Using Patient Mobility Scores. Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2019 Dec 18. DOI: 10.12788/jhm.3332. PMID: 31869298
• Hoyer EH, Young DL, Friedman LA, Brotman DJ, Klein LM, Friedman M, Needham DM. Routine Inpatient Mobility Assessment and Hospital Discharge Planning. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Nov 26. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5145. PMID: 30476953

Systematic Mobility Promotion

• Young DL, McLaughlin K, Turnbull AE, Thomas CB, Minick K, Gore S, Ridgeway K, Lyons D, Friedman M, Kudchadkar SR, Hoyer EH; JH-AMP MSI Group. Implementation of a Systematic Patient Mobility Program Across 5 Hospitals. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2026 Apr 16:106205. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2026.106205. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41997567.
• Hoyer EH, Friedman M, Lavezza A, Flanagan E, Kumble S, D'Alessandro M, Gutierrez M, Colantuoni E, Brotman DJ, Young DL, A unit-based, multi-center evaluation of adopting mobility measures and daily mobility goals in the hospital setting. Applied Nursing Research, Volume 70, 2023, 151655, ISSN 0897-1897, DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151655.
• Young DL, Kudchadkar SR, Friedman M, Lavezza A, Kumble S, Daley KN, Flanagan E, Hoyer EH. Using Systematic Functional Measurements in the Acute Hospital Setting to Combat the Immobility Harm. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020, Dec 26. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.10.142
• Hoyer EH, Friedman M, Lavezza A, Wagner-Kosmakos K, Lewis-Cherry R, Skolnik JL, Byers SP, Atanelov, L, Colantuoni E, Brotman DJ, Needham DM. Promoting mobility and reducing length of stay in hospitalized general medicine patients: A quality improvement project. Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2016 May;11(5):341-7. PMID: 26849277 

Other Publications

• McLaughlin KH, Simon L, Friedman M, Siddiqui ZK, Ficke JR, Kantsiper ME, CONQUER COVID consortium. Lessons learned from implementing rehabilitation at a COVID-19 field hospital. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2021;Epub ahead of print, Sep 9 (DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001878)
• Young DL, Brotman DJ, Hoyer EH. Inpatient Mobility Technicians: One Step Forward? J Hosp Med. 2019;14:E1-E2. doi:10.12788/jhm.3148
• Daley KN. Adding Power to Systems Science in Rehabilitation. Phys Ther. 2018 Aug 1;98(8):725-726. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzy061. PMID: 29767785
• Grant MC, Galante DJ, Hobson DB, Lavezza A, Friedman M, Wu CL, Wick EC. Optimizing an Enhanced Recovery Pathway Program: Development of a Postimplementation Audit Strategy. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2017 Oct;43(10):524-533. Epub 2017 Jul 10. PMID: 28942777