Partial or complete removal of the prostate (prostatectomy) is commonly used as either the only treatment or in combination with chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation therapy or other treatments. Johns Hopkins surgeons are experts in minimally invasive surgical approaches, including robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. 

Patients with localized, slow-growing, low-risk tumors may opt to delay treatment, instead having periodic testing to monitor for disease progression. 

Radiation can be used alone or in conjunction with other treatments. It is used to slow tumor growth or destroy tumors in both localized and advanced (metastatic) cancer that has spread to other areas of the body. 

Chemotherapy drugs can be used to improve outcomes following surgery or to help relieve symptoms in advanced disease. 

This approach deprives cancer cells of the hormones they need to thrive. Though commonly used in metastatic prostate cancer, it is increasingly used in early-stage disease to help shrink the tumor before other treatments.

Focal therapy treats only the cancerous areas of the prostate, helping protect healthy tissue and reduce side effects like urinary leakage or sexual dysfunction. Treatment options include High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), Cryotherapy, Radiofrequency Ablation, Irreversible Electroporation and Transurethral Ultrasound Ablation (TULSA).