We hypothesize that increased induction from the HIV latent reservoir (LR), whether because of a larger LR size or increased inducibility from the LR, is correlated with suboptimal immune response. LR size and inducibility have never been simultaneously evaluated, but we will do so using efficient new assays that can discriminate intact from defective HIV proviruses. We will determine whether LR size and inducibility contribute to suboptimal immune response and whether cytokine therapies designed to increase CD4 counts also expand the LR.